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Reversing Cracking. By Andreas Venieris. Everything published in this article is just for educational purposes and for “white” knowledge, that is the knowledge used only for defense. Respect the programmers’ work. In general, use the knowledge you get from resources like this, to create more robust programs or better protecting tools. Cracking King Cracking Cracked Programs. IDA Pro 6.8 w/ Class Informer. Cracking King is a growing community that suits everyone. Tutorial showing how to patch programs using IDA Pro's assembler. Simply bypass security by using jmp to jump over security checks, such as 'if' conditions or other functions. Get My Visual Studio. Binary Cracking & Byte Patching with IDA Pro Introduction This rare dissertation is committed to demonstrate cracking and byte patching of a binary executable using IDA Pro with the intention of subverting various security constraints, as well as generating or producing the latest modified version (patched) of that particular binary. This rare dissertation is committed to demonstrate cracking and byte patching of a binary executable using IDA Pro with the intention of subverting various security constraints, as well as generating or producing the latest modified version (patched) of that particular binary. We are going to work with OllyDbg v1.10. Some programs pack some of their codes in order to limit our attempt to statically analyze it. Cracking, OllyDbg.
We have compiled a list of top hacking software and tools of 2019 with their best features and download links. This list is based on industry reviews, your feedback, and our own experience. This list will tell you about the best software used for hacking purposes featuring port scanners, web vulnerability scanner, password crackers, forensics tools, traffic analysis, and social engineering tools.
Read about them, learn how to use them and share your reviews to make this list better. If you’re interested in ethical hacking, you can also check our dedicated article on operating systems for ethical hacking and pentesting.
13 Best Hacking Software for Windows, Linux, and Mac
1. Metasploit Best collection of exploit tools
Rather than calling Metasploit a collection of exploit tools, I’ll call it an infrastructure that you can utilize to build your own custom tools. This free software is one of the most popular cybersecurity tool that allows you to locate vulnerabilities at different platforms. Metasploit is backed by more than 200,000 users and contributors that help you to get insights and uncover the weaknesses in your system.
This top hacking tool package of 2019 lets you simulate real-world attacks to tell you about the weak points and finds them. As a penetration tester, it pin points the vulnerabilities with Nexpose closed–loop integration using Top Remediation reports. Using the open source Metasploit framework, users can build their own tools and take the best out of this multi-purpose hacking tool.
Supported platforms and download:
Metasploit is available for all major platforms including Windows, Linux, and OS X.
2. Acunetix WVS Vulnerability Scanner
Acunetix is a web vulnerability scanner (WVS) that scans and finds out the flaws in a website that could prove fatal. This multi-threaded tool crawls a website and finds out malicious Cross-site Scripting, SQL injection, and other vulnerabilities. This fast and easy to use tool scans WordPress websites from more than 1200 vulnerabilities in WordPress.
Acunetix comes with a Login Sequence Recorder that allows one to access the password protected areas of websites. The new AcuSensor technology used in this tool allows you to reduce the false positive rate. Such features have made Acunetix WVS a preferred hacking tools that you need to check out in 2019.
Supported platforms and download:
Acunetix is available for Windows XP and higher.
3. Nmap Port scanner tool
Nmap – also known as Network Mapper – falls in the category of a port scanner tool. This free and open source hacking tool is the most popular port scanning tool around that allows efficient network discovery and security auditing. Used for a wide range of services, Nmap uses raw IP packets to determine the hosts available on a network, their services along with details, operating systems used by hosts, the type of firewall used, and other information.
Last year, Nmap won multiple security products of the year awards and was featured in multiple movies including The Matrix Reloaded, Die Hard 4, and others. Available in the command line, Nmap executable also comes in an advanced GUI avatar.
Supported platforms and download:
Nmap is available for all major platforms including Windows, Linux, and OS X.
4. Wireshark Packet analyzer
Wireshark is a well-known packet crafting tool that discovers vulnerability within a network and probes firewall rule-sets. Used by thousands of security professionals to analyze networks and live pocket capturing and deep scanning of hundreds of protocols. Wireshark helps you to read live data from Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, PPP/HDLC, ATM, Bluetooth, USB, Token Ring, Frame Relay, FDDI, and others.
This free and open source tool was originally named Ethereal. Wireshark also comes in a command-line version called TShark. You can also read our dedicated article on the newly released Wireshark 3.0.0.
Supported platforms and download:
This Qt-based network protocol analyzer runs with ease on Linux, Windows, and OS X.
5. oclHashcat Password cracking tool
If password cracking is something you do on daily basis, you might be aware of the free password cracking tool Hashcat. While Hashcat is a CPU-based password cracking tool, oclHashcat is its advanced version that uses the power of your GPU.
oclHashcat calls itself world’s fastest password cracking tool with world’s first and only GPGPU based engine. For using the tool, NVIDIA users require ForceWare 346.59 or later and AMD users require Catalyst 15.7 or later.
This tool employs following attack modes for cracking:
- Straight
- Combination
- Brute-force
- Hybrid dictionary + mask
- Hybrid mask + dictionary
Mentioning another major feature, oclHashcat is an open source tool under MIT license that allows an easy integration or packaging of the common Linux distros.
Supported platforms and download:
This useful password cracking tool can be downloaded in different versions for Linux, OSX, and Windows.
6. Nessus Vulnerability Scanner
This top free security tool of 2019 works with the help of a client-server framework. Developed by Tenable Network Security, the tool is one of the most popular vulnerability scanners we have. Nessus serves different purposes to different types of users – Nessus Home, Nessus Professional, Nessus Manager and Nessus Cloud.
Using Nessus, one can scan multiple types of vulnerabilities that include remote access flaw detection, misconfiguration alert, denial of services against TCP/IP stack, preparation of PCI DSS audits, malware detection, sensitive data searches etc. To launch a dictionary attack, Nessus can also call a popular tool Hydra externally.
Apart from the above mentioned basic functionalities, Nessus could be used to scan multiple networks on IPv4, IPv6, and hybrid networks. You can set the scheduled scan to run at your chosen time and re-scan all or a subsection of previously scanned hosts using selective host re-scanning.
Supported platforms and download:
Nessus is supported by a variety of platforms including Windows 7 and 8, Mac OS X, and popular Linux distros like Debian, Ubuntu, Kali Linux etc.
7. Maltego Forensics platform
Maltego is an open source forensics platform that offers rigorous mining and information gathering to paint a picture of cyber threats around you. Maltego excels in showing the complexity and severity of points of failure in your infrastructure and the surrounding environment.
Maltego is a great hacker tool that analyzes the real world links between people, companies, websites, domains, DNS names, IP addresses, documents and whatnot. Based on Java, this tool runs in an easy-to-use graphical interface with lost customization options while scanning.
Supported platforms and download:
Maltego security tool is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux.
8. Social-Engineer Toolkit
Also featured on Mr. Robot, TrustedSec’s Social-Engineer Toolkit is an advanced framework for simulating multiple types of social engineering attacks like credential harvestings, phishing attacks, and more. On the show, Elliot is seen using the SMS spoofing tool from the Social-Engineer Toolkit.
This Python-driven tool is the standard tool for social engineering penetration tests with more than two million downloads. It automates the attacks and generates disguising emails, malicious web pages and more.
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Supported platforms and download:
To download SET on Linux, type the following command:
Apart from Linux, Social-Engineer Toolkit is partially supported on Mac OS X and Windows.
9. Netsparker Web app scanner
Netsparker is a popular web application scanner that finds flaws like SQL injection and local file induction, suggesting remedial actions in a read-only and safe way. As this hacking tool produces a produces a proof of exploitation, you don’t need to verify the vulnerability on your own. Just in case it can’t verify a flaw automatically, it’ll alert you. This hacking tool is very easy to get started with. Simply enter the URL and let it perform a scan. Netsparker supports JavaScript and AJAX-based applications. So, you don’t need to configure the scanner or rely on some complex scanning settings to scan different types of web applications.
If you don’t wish to pay money for the professional version of Netsparker, they’ve also got a demo version that you can use.
Supported platforms and download:
Netsparker web app scanner is available for Windows
10. w3af Web app scanner
w3af is a free and open source web application security scanner that’s widely used by hackers and penetration testers. w3af stands for web application attack and audit framework. Using this hacking tool, one can get security vulnerability information that can be further used in penetration testing engagements. w3af claims to identify more than 200 vulnerabilities (including the likes of cross-site scripting, SQL Injection, PHP misconfigurations, guessable credentials, and unhandled application errors) and make a web application (and website) more secure.
w3af comes both in command line and graphical user interface to suit the needs of a hacker. In less than 5 clicks and using the predefined profile for the beginners, one can audit the security of a web application. As it’s well documented, the new users can easily find their way. Being an open source hacking tool, an experienced developer can play with the code, add new features, and create something new.
Supported platforms and download:
w3af is available for Linux, BSD, and OS X. On Windows, its older versions are supported.
11. John The Ripper
When it comes to the password cracking tools, John The Ripper turns out to be the top-most choice of most of the ethical hackers. This free and open source software is distributed in the form of source code.
John The Ripper is primarily written in C programming language. It has been able to achieve the status of a great companion due to the fact that it’s a combination of many password crackers into one. Different modules grant it the ability to crack the passwords using different encryption techniques
Supported platforms and download:
John The Ripper hacking software is available on a variety of platforms, including Windows, Linux, DOS, OpenVMS, and Unix.
12. Aircrack-ng Password cracking tool
When it comes to password cracking, Aircrack-ng is another option that you can explore. This network suite consists of a detector, traffic sniffer, and password cracker tool. All these tools are command line based and allow heavy scripting.
Using Aircrack-ng hacking software, you can capture the packets, export data to text files, perform different attacks, check WiFi cards and drivers capabilities, cracking WEP and WPA PSK, etc.
Supported platforms and download:
Aircrack-ng is available for different platforms like macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows. The Linux version has also been ported to Android as well.
13. Ghidra Reverse Engineering Tool
Ghidra is NSA’s home-grown reverse engineering tool that has been recently open sourced by the American agency. As per NSA, the tool is internally used to dig deep into malware and software to spot vulnerabilities that can be exploited.
One of the most important features of this hacking software is the feature of multi-user support that lets researchers collaborate and reverse engineer a single binary. One can also use the exposed API and create own Ghidra plugin and add-ons for extra functionality.
Supported platforms and download:
Ghidra hacking software is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS.
Other top hacking and security tools of 2019 in multiple categories:
Web Vulnerability Scanners – Burp Suite, Firebug, AppScan, OWASP Zed, Paros Proxy, Nikto, Grendel-Scan
Vulnerability Exploitation Tools – Netsparker, sqlmap, Core Impact, WebGoat, BeEF
Forensic Tools – Helix3 Pro, EnCase, Autopsy
Port Scanners – Unicornscan, NetScanTools, Angry IP Scanner
Traffic Monitoring Tools – Nagios, Ntop, Splunk, Ngrep, Argus
Debuggers – IDA Pro, WinDbg, Immunity Debugger, GDB
Rootkit Detectors – DumpSec, Tripwire, HijackThis
Encryption Tools – KeePass, OpenSSL, OpenSSH/PuTTY/SSH, Tor
Password Crackers – John the Ripper, Hydra, ophcrack
We hope that you found this list helpful. Share your reviews in the comments below and help us improve this list.
Get the best deals on these hacking certification courses:
Software cracking (known as 'breaking' in the 1980s[1]) is the modification of software to remove or disable features which are considered undesirable by the person cracking the software, especially copy protection features (including protection against the manipulation of software, serial number, hardware key, date checks and disc check) or software annoyances like nag screens and adware.
A crack refers to the means of achieving, for example a stolen serial number or a tool that performs that act of cracking.[2] Some of these tools are called keygen, patch, or loader. A keygen is a handmade product serial number generator that often offers the ability to generate working serial numbers in your own name. A patch is a small computer program that modifies the machine code of another program. This has the advantage for a cracker to not include a large executable in a release when only a few bytes are changed.[3] A loader modifies the startup flow of a program and does not remove the protection but circumvents it.[4][5] A well-known example of a loader is a trainer used to cheat in games.[6]Fairlight pointed out in one of their .nfo files that these type of cracks are not allowed for warez scene game releases.[7][4][8] A nukewar has shown that the protection may not kick in at any point for it to be a valid crack.[9]
The distribution of cracked copies is illegal in most countries. There have been lawsuits over cracking software.[10] It might be legal to use cracked software in certain circumstances.[11] Educational resources for reverse engineering and software cracking are, however, legal and available in the form of Crackme programs.
History[edit]
The first software copy protection was applied to software for the Apple II,[12]Atari 800, and Commodore 64 computers.[citation needed]. Software publishers have implemented increasingly complex methods in an effort to stop unauthorized copying of software.
On the Apple II, unlike modern computers that use standardized device drivers to manage device communications, the operating system directly controlled the step motor that moves the floppy drive head, and also directly interpreted the raw data, called nibbles, read from each track to identify the data sectors. This allowed complex disk-based software copy protection, by storing data on half tracks (0, 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6..), quarter tracks (0, 1, 2.25, 3.75, 5, 6..), and any combination thereof. In addition, tracks did not need to be perfect rings, but could be sectioned so that sectors could be staggered across overlapping offset tracks, the most extreme version being known as spiral tracking. It was also discovered that many floppy drives did not have a fixed upper limit to head movement, and it was sometimes possible to write an additional 36th track above the normal 35 tracks. The standard Apple II copy programs could not read such protected floppy disks, since the standard DOS assumed that all disks had a uniform 35-track, 13- or 16-sector layout. Special nibble-copy programs such as Locksmith and Copy II Plus could sometimes duplicate these disks by using a reference library of known protection methods; when protected programs were cracked they would be completely stripped of the copy protection system, and transferred onto a standard format disk that any normal Apple II copy program could read.
One of the primary routes to hacking these early copy protections was to run a program that simulates the normal CPU operation. The CPU simulator provides a number of extra features to the hacker, such as the ability to single-step through each processor instruction and to examine the CPU registers and modified memory spaces as the simulation runs (any modern disassembler/debugger can do this). The Apple II provided a built-in opcode disassembler, allowing raw memory to be decoded into CPU opcodes, and this would be utilized to examine what the copy-protection was about to do next. Generally there was little to no defense available to the copy protection system, since all its secrets are made visible through the simulation. However, because the simulation itself must run on the original CPU, in addition to the software being hacked, the simulation would often run extremely slowly even at maximum speed.
On Atari 8-bit computers, the most common protection method was via 'bad sectors'. These were sectors on the disk that were intentionally unreadable by the disk drive. The software would look for these sectors when the program was loading and would stop loading if an error code was not returned when accessing these sectors. Special copy programs were available that would copy the disk and remember any bad sectors. The user could then use an application to spin the drive by constantly reading a single sector and display the drive RPM. With the disk drive top removed a small screwdriver could be used to slow the drive RPM below a certain point. Once the drive was slowed down the application could then go and write 'bad sectors' where needed. When done the drive RPM was sped up back to normal and an uncracked copy was made. Of course cracking the software to expect good sectors made for readily copied disks without the need to meddle with the disk drive. As time went on more sophisticated methods were developed, but almost all involved some form of malformed disk data, such as a sector that might return different data on separate accesses due to bad data alignment. Products became available (from companies such as Happy Computers) which replaced the controller BIOS in Atari's 'smart' drives. These upgraded drives allowed the user to make exact copies of the original program with copy protections in place on the new disk.
On the Commodore 64, several methods were used to protect software. For software distributed on ROM cartridges, subroutines were included which attempted to write over the program code. If the software was on ROM, nothing would happen, but if the software had been moved to RAM, the software would be disabled. Because of the operation of Commodore floppy drives, one write protection scheme would cause the floppy drive head to bang against the end of its rail, which could cause the drive head to become misaligned. In some cases, cracked versions of software were desirable to avoid this result. A misaligned drive head was rare usually fixing itself by smashing against the rail stops. Another brutal protection scheme was grinding from track 1 to 40 and back a few times.
Most of the early software crackers were computer hobbyists who often formed groups that competed against each other in the cracking and spreading of software. Breaking a new copy protection scheme as quickly as possible was often regarded as an opportunity to demonstrate one's technical superiority rather than a possibility of money-making. Some low skilled hobbyists would take already cracked software and edit various unencrypted strings of text in it to change messages a game would tell a game player, often something considered vulgar. Uploading the altered copies on file sharing networks provided a source of laughs for adult users. The cracker groups of the 1980s started to advertise themselves and their skills by attaching animated screens known as crack intros in the software programs they cracked and released. Once the technical competition had expanded from the challenges of cracking to the challenges of creating visually stunning intros, the foundations for a new subculture known as demoscene were established. Demoscene started to separate itself from the illegal 'warez scene' during the 1990s and is now regarded as a completely different subculture. Many software crackers have later grown into extremely capable software reverse engineers; the deep knowledge of assembly required in order to crack protections enables them to reverse engineerdrivers in order to port them from binary-only drivers for Windows to drivers with source code for Linux and other free operating systems. Also because music and game intro was such an integral part of gaming the music format and graphics became very popular when hardware became affordable for the home user.
With the rise of the Internet, software crackers developed secretive online organizations. In the latter half of the nineties, one of the most respected sources of information about 'software protection reversing' was Fravia's website.
Most of the well-known or 'elite' cracking groups make software cracks entirely for respect in the 'Scene', not profit. From there, the cracks are eventually leaked onto public Internet sites by people/crackers who use well-protected/secure FTP release archives, which are made into full copies and sometimes sold illegally by other parties.
The Scene today is formed of small groups of skilled people, who informally compete to have the best crackers, methods of cracking, and reverse engineering.
+HCU[edit]
The High Cracking University (+HCU), was founded by Old Red Cracker (+ORC), considered a genius of reverse engineering and a legendary figure in RCE, to advance research into Reverse Code Engineering (RCE). He had also taught and authored many papers on the subject, and his texts are considered classics in the field and are mandatory reading for students of RCE.[13]
The addition of the '+' sign in front of the nickname of a reverser signified membership in the +HCU. Amongst the students of +HCU were the top of the elite Windows reversers worldwide.[13] +HCU published a new reverse engineering problem annually and a small number of respondents with the best replies qualified for an undergraduate position at the university.[13]
+Fravia was a professor at +HCU. Fravia's website was known as '+Fravia's Pages of Reverse Engineering' and he used it to challenge programmers as well as the wider society to 'reverse engineer' the 'brainwashing of a corrupt and rampant materialism'. In its heyday, his website received millions of visitors per year and its influence was 'widespread'.[13]
Nowadays most of the graduates of +HCU have migrated to Linux and few have remained as Windows reversers. The information at the university has been rediscovered by a new generation of researchers and practitioners of RCE who have started new research projects in the field.[13]
Methods[edit]
The most common software crack is the modification of an application's binary to cause or prevent a specific key branch in the program's execution. This is accomplished by reverse engineering the compiled program code using a debugger such as SoftICE,[14]x64dbg, OllyDbg,[15]GDB, or MacsBug until the software cracker reaches the subroutine that contains the primary method of protecting the software (or by disassembling an executable file with a program such as IDA). The binary is then modified using the debugger or a hex editor or monitor in a manner that replaces a prior branching opcode with its complement or a NOPopcode so the key branch will either always execute a specific subroutine or skip over it. Almost all common software cracks are a variation of this type. Proprietary software developers are constantly developing techniques such as code obfuscation, encryption, and self-modifying code to make this modification increasingly difficult. Even with these measures being taken, developers struggle to combat software cracking. This is because it is very common for a professional to publicly release a simple cracked EXE or Retrium Installer for public download, eliminating the need for inexperienced users to crack the software themselves.
A specific example of this technique is a crack that removes the expiration period from a time-limited trial of an application. These cracks are usually programs that alter the program executable and sometimes the .dll or .so linked to the application. Similar cracks are available for software that requires a hardware dongle. A company can also break the copy protection of programs that they have legally purchased but that are licensed to particular hardware, so that there is no risk of downtime due to hardware failure (and, of course, no need to restrict oneself to running the software on bought hardware only).
Another method is the use of special software such as CloneCD to scan for the use of a commercial copy protection application. After discovering the software used to protect the application, another tool may be used to remove the copy protection from the software on the CD or DVD. This may enable another program such as Alcohol 120%, CloneDVD, Game Jackal, or Daemon Tools to copy the protected software to a user's hard disk. Popular commercial copy protection applications which may be scanned for include SafeDisc and StarForce.[16]
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In other cases, it might be possible to decompile a program in order to get access to the original source code or code on a level higher than machine code. This is often possible with scripting languages and languages utilizing JIT compilation. An example is cracking (or debugging) on the .NET platform where one might consider manipulating CIL to achieve one's needs. Java'sbytecode also works in a similar fashion in which there is an intermediate language before the program is compiled to run on the platform dependent machine code.
Advanced reverse engineering for protections such as SecuROM, SafeDisc, StarForce, or Denuvo requires a cracker, or many crackers to spend much time studying the protection, eventually finding every flaw within the protection code, and then coding their own tools to 'unwrap' the protection automatically from executable (.EXE) and library (.DLL) files.
There are a number of sites on the Internet that let users download cracks produced by warez groups for popular games and applications (although at the danger of acquiring malicious software that is sometimes distributed via such sites).[citation needed] Although these cracks are used by legal buyers of software, they can also be used by people who have downloaded or otherwise obtained unauthorized copies (often through P2P networks).
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
Cracking Programs With Idaho Falls
- ^Kevelson, Morton (October 1985). 'Isepic'. Ahoy!. pp. 71–73. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
The origin of the term probably lies in the activity burglars in the still of the night.
- ^Tulloch, Mitch (2003). Microsoft Encyclopedia of Security(PDF). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p. 68. ISBN0735618771.
- ^Craig, Paul; Ron, Mark (April 2005). 'Chapter 4: Crackers'. In Burnett, Mark (ed.). Software Piracy Exposed - Secrets from the Dark Side Revealed. Publisher: Andrew Williams, Page Layout and Art: Patricia Lupien, Acquisitions Editor: Jaime Quigley, Copy Editor: Judy Eby, Technical Editor: Mark Burnett, Indexer: Nara Wood, Cover Designer: Michael Kavish. United States of America: Syngress Publishing. pp. 75–76. doi:10.1016/B978-193226698-6/50029-5. ISBN1-932266-98-4.
- ^ abFLT (January 22, 2013). 'The_Sims_3_70s_80s_and_90s_Stuff-FLT'.
This can be the only reason you have come to the conclusion that a modified startup flow is the same like the imitated behavior of a protection, like an EMU does it.
Cite web requireswebsite=(help) - ^Shub-Nigurrath [ARTeam]; ThunderPwr [ARTeam] (January 2006). 'Cracking with Loaders: Theory, General Approach, and a Framework'. CodeBreakers Magazine. Universitas-Virtualis Research Project. 1 (1).
A loader is a program able to load in memory and running another program.
- ^Nigurrath, Shub (May 2006). 'Guide on how to play with processes memory, writing loaders, and Oraculumns'. CodeBreakers Magazine. Universitas-Virtualis Research Project. 1 (2).
- ^FLT (September 29, 2013). 'Test_Drive_Ferrari_Legends_PROPER-FLT'.
Test.Drive.Ferrari.Racing.Legends-SKIDROW was released with a 'Loader' and not a cracked exe. This is why you see the original exe renamed to 'TDFerrari_o.exe'. As this is not allowed and in this case considerably slows down the game with Xlive messages while starting and playing the game, you can see why we have included a proper cracked.
Cite web requireswebsite=(help) - ^SKIDROW (January 21, 2013). 'Test.Drive.Ferrari.Racing.Legends.Read.Nfo-SKIDROW'.
Yes our 'method' is a loader and our competitors have used the same method for 'cracking' xlive games like this.
Cite web requireswebsite=(help) - ^'Batman.Arkham.City-FiGHTCLUB nukewar'. December 2, 2011. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014.
UNNUKED: game.plays.full no.issues crack.is.fine no.single.byte.patch.used protection.bypass.means.not.active.means.removed protection.does.not.kick.in.at.any.point this.or.removal.makes.no.difference [ZoNeNET]
Cite uses deprecated parameterdeadurl=(help); Cite web requireswebsite=(help) - ^Cheng, Jacqui (September 27, 2006). 'Microsoft files lawsuit over DRM crack'. Ars Technica.
- ^Fravia (November 1998). 'Is reverse engineering legal?'.Cite web requires
website=(help) - ^Pearson, Jordan (July 24, 2017). 'Programmers Are Racing to Save Apple II Software Before It Goes Extinct'. Motherboard. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2018.Cite news requires
newspaper=(help) - ^ abcdeCyrus Peikari; Anton Chuvakin (January 12, 2004). Security Warrior. 'O'Reilly Media, Inc.'. p. 31. ISBN978-0-596-55239-8.
- ^Ankit, Jain; Jason, Kuo; Jordan, Soet; Brian, Tse (April 2007). 'Software Cracking (April 2007)'(PDF). The University of British Columbia - Electrical and Computer Engineering. Retrieved January 27, 2018.Cite journal requires
journal=(help) - ^Wójcik, Bartosz. 'Reverse engineering tools review'. pelock.com. PELock. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- ^Gamecopyworld Howto